How Operating Conditions Influence Glass Heater Design Choices

https://thermal-technology-center.cavandoragh.org/how-etched-foil-circuits-are-used-in-a-polyimide-heater

In camera windows, a glass heater must deliver heat in a controlled way. It uses a glass panel combined with a conductive heating layer or heater element. One useful trait is anti-fog capability. Still, thermal stress can change the result